| Chili Line | |
|---|---|
| Overview | |
| Status | Closed |
| Termini | Antonito, Colorado Santa Fe, New Mexico |
| Operation | |
| Opened | 1880s |
| Closed | 1941 |
| Operator(s) | Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 125.6 mi (202.13 km) |
| Track gauge | 3 ft (914 mm) |
The Chili Line, officially known as the Santa Fe Branch, was a narrow gauge branch of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad (DRG&W). It ran 125.6 miles (202.1 km) from Antonito, Colorado, to Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States. The Denver and Rio Grande Railway (D&RG) began construction of the line in 1880 and completed the line from Antonito to Espanola, New Mexico, but could not build any further because of an agreement with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad (AT&SF). The Texas, Santa Fe and Northern Railroad was incorporated to complete the line, and the line between Espanola and Santa Fe opened in 1886 and was transferred to the Denver and Rio Grande shortly thereafter. The D&RGW closed the Chili Line in 1941 because of competition from road transportation, and the line was abandoned shortly thereafter.
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The Chili Line was officially known as the Santa Fe Branch.[1] Its nickname has been attributed to its freight, which prominently featured chili peppers,[2][3] and to the gastronomy of its patrons.[4]:117
The original ambitious plans of Denver and Rio Grande Railway founder William J. Palmer projected a 2,400-mile (3,900 km) north-south narrow gauge route from Denver to Mexico City following the course of the Rio Grande for much of the distance.[2][4]:2, 109 As early as 1878 it was reasoned that such a route would not be possible, but Palmer did receive a concession in September 1880 from the Mexican government to build a different north-south line, the National Railroad of Mexico.[5] Initially planning to access the Territory of New Mexico via Raton Pass, a route that the AT&SF had already begun grading for the construction of its own east-west transcontinental route, the D&RG had to look for alternative routes to the south as its conflict with the ATSF festered.[4]:4, 109 The conflict eventually resulted in the D&RG shifting its attention to lucrative mining opportunities to the west.[6] Palmer's "dream of a road to Mexico City finally went glimmering" but the line along the Rio Grande became the exotic southern extent of the D&RGW's famous network in the Rocky Mountains.[2] Prior to the conflict, the D&RG had built tracks over La Veta Pass to Alamosa in the San Luis Valley.[4]:109 By 1880 narrow gauge tracks were in place as far south as Antonito and the construction of a line towards Albuquerque was underway.[2][4]:109
The AT&SF reached Santa Fe (as a branch of its main line) in February 1880.[4]:7 In March the AT&SF and the D&RG publicly signed a restrictive territorial agreement that prevented the southward expansion of the D&RG beyond Española, where service began on New Year's Eve 1880, for ten years.[4]:110 To fill the approximately 35-mile (56 km) gap the Texas, Santa Fe and Northern Railroad (TSF&N) was formed. The long-term plans of the TSF&N called for the construction of a 1,258-mile (2,025 km) railroad spanning from Texas to Utah.[4]:110-111 The company proposed to first connect Española to the territorial capital and then south to coal fields near Madrid, New Mexico.[4]:111, 115 Work on the link to Santa Fe was stalled for several years because of money problems and the line further south was not built. With new management in place construction resumed in earnest in October 1886 and by January 1887 the narrow gauge tracks from Santa Fe to Española were complete. An excursion train between the two cities on January 9, 1887 was attended by 200 people. The TSF&N was absorbed by the Santa Fe Southern Railway in 1889 and by 1895 was a unit of the D&RG as the Rio Grande and Santa Fe Railroad.[4]:115, 117
Only a few branches were constructed along the Chili Line.[4]:118 During the 1880s and 1890s several short timber spurs were built and a line connecting at a point near Española to the D&RG's San Juan Extension was contemplated.[4]:118, 122 In 1903 the D&RG and the New Mexico Central Railway opened Santa Fe Union Station on a site adjacent to the AT&SF's depot.[4]:55 The new station replaced an older one on the north side of the Santa Fe River next to the D&RG's terminal facilities.[4]:113 The D&RG was interested, along with others, in connecting Taos to its system, however surveys indicated that such a connection was not feasible. Instead the name of a station 20 miles (32 km) from Taos was restyled Taos Junction in 1915.[4]:122 Road transportation began to outcompete the train.[2][3] The railroad continued to operate until the Interstate Commerce Commission approved of DRG&W's abandonment in 1941.[2][4]:124 The line closed amid Santa Fe's annual fiesta in September 1941.[2] The DR&GW proposed reusing some of the line's infrastructure for use on a railroad along the Burma Road in a then embattled Southeast Asia.[3] Despite some local outcry and national media attention the railway was completely dismantled in 1942.[4]:24
The railroad was almost completely narrow gauge; Palmer had reasoned that the smaller scale railroads were advantageous in mountainous areas.[2] There was some dual gauge track in the Santa Fe Railyard where the railroad shared a station with the New Mexico Central Railway,[4]:50 and also at the line's northern terminal. The original terminal facilities in Santa Fe included a three-stall engine house and a coal shed on the tail of a wye opposite a two-story island depot. These facilities were later replaced by infrastructure capable of tendering petroleum fueled engines and a union station.[4]:113 Operations of the line were often described as adventurous.[2] The branch served remote areas such as the stop at Buckman which was the Los Alamos Ranch School's link to the outside world until 1921; a stop near a new road bridge across the Rio Grande at Otowi served this purpose when a new road to Los Alamos was completed.[7]
Cargo transported on the line included livestock, wool, fruit, chile, beans, sugar, flour, manufactured goods and timber.[4]:116[7] A daily mixed train typically operated providing connections at Alamosa to an overnight standard gauge train to and from Denver.[4]:117 A meal stop was often scheduled at Embudo.[4]:118 In 1890 a trip from Santa Fe to Antonito was scheduled to take eight hours.[1] In 1941 the same trip on train 426 took seven hours and fifteen minutes, an average speed of 17.3 miles per hour (27.8 km/h), nevertheless the trip to Denver was easily much quicker though longer by way of the AT&SF.[6]
Just north of Santa Fe's Union Station the line began street running Guadalupe Street[4]:50, 110 before crossing a trestle over the Santa Fe River and entering the line's servicing facilities near the original depot. The railroad then crossed another trestle as it meandered through Santa Fe.[4]:112,113 The tracks then followed the right-of-way of Rio Grande Boulevard to a crest above the northwestern part of the city.[7] A 22-mile (35 km) two percent grade to a townsite at Buckman in the Caja del Rio where the railroad crossed the Rio Grande, providing access to the Jemez Mountains, followed.[4]:118 Today's Buckman Road roughly traces this part of the Chili Line and remnants of its grade are still visible.[7] From Buckman north to Embudo the line closely follows the easy grades of the Rio Grande as it passes through Santa Clara and Española.[1][4]:118 From Embudo the line began its most steep (4%) and twisting climb through the Rio Grande Gorge to Barranca where alternating but steady 1% grades led the line away from the Rio Grande towards Antonito and Alamosa.[4] :117-118